The national currency rate on the international exchange reflects the state of the country’s economy. The exchange rate has an ambiguous effect on the functioning of the economic system: any change in its dynamics is accompanied by a variety of macroeconomic effects that carry both a stabilizing and a destabilizing...
Introduction In the modern world, the question of organizing public-private partnership (PPP) increases in its relevance. The effectiveness of innovative activities relies significantly on close interaction between the economy’s sectors, both private and public. The exceptional importance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) as an effective method for implementing latest innovation policy...
Abstract Egypt was the first country to introduce the concept of Islamic banking in the financial sector. It has since gained massive popularity because of its relevance among the locals. In this paper, the focus was to determine profit efficiency of conventional and Islamic banks in the country. The study...
Introduction The 1944 Bretton Woods agreement made other world countries switch from backing their currencies with gold to backing them with dollars. It was proclaimed that it was possible to redeem dollar reserves in gold upon request – a promise that was broken by President Nixon who separated the dollar...
Introduction The question of whether bonds provide a lower risk investment than shares is one that cannot be answered directly. One must consider the external environment (investment cycle), with regard to interest rates and inflation, the internal environment of the concerned corporation, and the goals of the investor. An analysis...
Demand and supply is the foundation of any economic analysis as the interaction of the two forms a market. The law of demand and supply works in divergent ways in the sense that, when prices of commodities changes, demand and supply will change in opposite direction holding other factors constant....
Cash flows Net cash flows, the difference between cash inflows and cash outflows, can be computed for any kind of business or employment. When analyzing a viable investment opportunity, cash flow is often grouped into three, these are, initial investment cost, operating cash flows, and terminal cash flows. These cash...
Executive Summary Due to changes in business dynamics, technology and increase in pressure on Companies and businesses to diversify their operations and capture a greater market area, numerous products have being produced. This has affected Sony Ericson negatives as it has reduced its sales. In 2007, for example, when Apple...
About the Economy of Saudi Arabia Production and export of oil is the major economic activity in Saudi Arabia. The population of the country is 28.2 million while the unemployment rate is 10.9%. The inflation rate for the country stands at 5.0%. The government heavily relies on fiscal policies to...
Introduction Business ethics is a field of study that analyzes all the moral and ethical principles that govern the conduct of all the involved parties in commercial relations. This implies that business ethics is normative and it requires the formulation and application of certain standards which establish ways of deciding...
Executive summary This report entails a comprehensive analysis of annual financial reporting. In a bid to understand the topic better, the paper has undertaken a comprehensive background study on the concept of annual financial reporting. The paper also outlines the essential elements for effective financial reporting, which include ensuring that...
What is risk management? In every form of business activity, the possibilities of risks are common eventualities. Therefore, evaluating possible risks and finding way in which to avoid them or reduce their impact on the business is referred to as risk management. This involves a routine verification of the business’...
Overview This memo attempts to analyze the financial performance of SAC for the financial year 2005 and 2006. Out of the several different types of financial analysis techniques available, this memo uses the ratio analysis method. It will not provide an exhaustive ratio analysis; rather a limited number of primary...
ABC is one of the costing techniques that are applied by many firms in order to establish the costs incurred by the firm in the course of its production. The method makes use of cost objects to assign direct overhead costs. It pools overhead costs into homogenous cost pools with...
Introduction Item Amount $m 2011 Amount $m 2010 Amount $m 2009 Industry averages Return on Equity 12,942/45,911 =0.28 11,464/49,430 =0.23 4,369/41,704 =0.105 0.12 Return on Assets 12,942/71,119 =0.18 11,464/63,186 =0.18 4,369/53,095 =0.082 0.0440 Net profit margin 12,942/53,999 =0.24 11,464/43,623 =0.26 4,369/35,127 =0.12 0.0872 Gross profit margin 33,757/53,999 =0.63 28,491/43,623 =0.65...
There are six fundamental principles of Islamic banking. The first of these principles is the sanctity of contract. Prior to the execution of any transaction in the Islamic banking system, the parties involved have to ascertain that the transaction is valid (halal), in line with the Shariah law (Hasan 10)....
The management should come up with a policy document that describes how the capital raised by the company will be allocated to several projects. Capital budgeting refers to the process where management decides which certain investments are worth pursuing. The company has to choose which to use in capital budgeting....
Background Introduction The performance of the stock market is considered one of the most important indicators of the economic development of any country. Stock markets aid economic development and growth through efficient channeling of savings into investment. Almost every country in the world has its stock market, though there are...
Introduction The global financial crisis has led to the collapse of major banks, others merged with each other’s while others become completely bankrupt; currently, there are so many banks in the market and all are competing for customers, investors, and cash. The intense competition has made banks think of new...
Cash flow computations VIENNA ORTHOPEDICS PTY LTD EXPANSION PLAN Income Capital Expenditure Fitting Machine Furniture Year1 $300,000.00 Year 1 $50,000.00 $25,000.00 Year2 $330,000.00 Year 2 Year3 $363,000.00 Year 3 Year4 $399,300.00 Year 4 Year5 $399,300.00 Year 5 ($5,000.00) Direct costs Working capital Year 1 $60,000.00 Year 1 $10,000.00 Year 2...
The global financial crisis of the year 2007-2008 was a complex, multifaceted process. The crisis was an interplay of both macroeconomic and micro-level factors. During this period, there was a proliferation of new financial instruments, which were not accurate in predicting the value of many economic systems. The Global crisis...
Introduction Investment Projects are decisions that companies face when conducting business. It is of essence to carry out proper project analysis before injecting funds into a venture. This is because investment projects require a lot of capital. Also, they are irreversible, that is, once a project kicks off, it is...
Financial statements are useless because they are incomplete; not all assets or liabilities are included Financial statements show the financial position of a company. Determination of the financial position helps the management in strategic planning. In addition, financial statements are the most important documents that help investors in making investment...
Introduction Investment banks have been instrumental in the growth of the US economy. Historically, investment banks have enabled businesses to raise raising capital, in addition to facilitating the sale and financing of bonds and securities. Investment banks have also been instrumental in corporate mergers and acquisitions (the United States General...
Introduction Preparation of financial statements is done in line with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) regulations. A financial statement should reflect a true, fair, and reliable view of the business. Regulators, investors, and other business stakeholders make use of the financial statements. Thus, the financial statements aid in assessing...
Introduction Cash rates are interest rates that financial institutions pay to borrow from the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), or charge to lend money in the money market (Bernanke, Olekalns, & Frank, 2011). These rates are fixed and maintained by the RBA in Australia. The bank has a mandate of...
Executive Summery This report discusses Basel III regulation that was recently released by the Basel committee. The scope of the report covers various aspects of the regulation framework. These incorporate issues that were found in Basel II regulation, which compelled drafting of Basel III. Features of the Basel III regulation...
Introduction Stock exchange can be defined as a market agent that facilitates the exchange of different types of financial instruments between companies and investors. In most economies, stock exchanges are established to facilitate the exchange of shares between companies and investors. Stock exchange can assume a central position from which...
The purpose of this brief paper is to identify four basic financial statements and the basis used for recording and journalizing business transactions. Finally, it discusses the usefulness of financial statements for various external users including investors and creditors. There are four basic financial statements that companies usually prepare on...
Abstract Measurement of performance in an organization is mainly based on the profitability and availability of cash for operations. Long-term profitability is a necessary component, but the availability of cash is a primary element of the day-to-day sustainability of these operations. Net Cash from Operating Activities Vs Net Income According...
Introduction Biologically, stress is a bodily response to occurrences that make an individual reactive. It interferes with one’s bodily balance. Precisely, stress exhibits how a person’s body might respond to environmental demands. This is a critical provision when scrutinized critically. Usually, stress is caused by both positive and negative experiences...
Product Overview New products and services are coming into the market as the business world continues to become increasingly innovative and competitive. Both the services and manufacturing sectors are coming up with innovations in the market. Therefore, new product development may involve real goods being entered into the market or...
Introduction Financial accounting and management accounting both enables decision makers through identification and processing of information that is relevant to decision making. The information is communicated to users of financial statements through reports. They provide management with vital measures and strategies of an organization’s performance and the available cost information...
Executive Summary The growth and excellence of a business in the hospitality industry demand carefully drawn strategies that sharpen, enhance the commitment and creativity of employees with the aim of raising customer satisfaction and value for their time and resources. As the hospitality industry is growing complex and becoming more...
Introduction Toyota Motors Corporation is one of the leading motor manufacturers in the world. The company headquarters are based in Toyota city in Japan with various subsidiaries of the company spreading across the globe. The major areas of operations of Toyota motors are the production of luxury cars with their...
Introduction Health care is the prevention of diseases and injury and their diagnosis and treatment in the event of their occurrence. This is a social service that is very critical in any society. Good health care forms a crucial foundation for people to have fun in life and function well...
Introduction JPMorgan Chase Bank is a federal licensed Commercial Bank with substantial capital, assets, and investments. By the end of the financial year 2011, the bank reported total assets of $ 121,748,570 which included a loan portfolio of $97,622,733, total deposits of $48,797,419 and equity capital worth $116,354,460 (FFIEC 1)....
Introduction Company evaluation theories are increasingly becoming powerful tools in determining the worth of companies (Tobin 1969). Often, information on stock shares is usually packaged with data on parameters such as price ratios and earnings per share (Viney 2009). Investors would therefore want to invest in areas where they can...
Abstract Globally, countries are ranked depending on their economic strength or influence internationally, for instance, countries are grouped as developed, developing, underdeveloped and failed states. Most of the countries in the world are developing especially Asian, African and South American states. According to global economic research, most of the states...
Introduction Activity-Based Costing (ABC) differs from the Traditional Costing Systems in the allocation of manufacturing overheads. ABC does not allocate overheads on the simple basis of time like the traditional approach. It instead determines the actual cost of the overhead before assigning the costs to such activities. A company allocates...
Introduction In order for any new business to be successful in its growth, An Efficient Management in Business is a basic foundation through which the business can effectively handle the tough competition present in almost all markets. For this to be achieved, clear statement of business vision and mission must...
Over the recent past, most companies have extensively adopted the use of cost management in their operations. This is because of the need to track and minimize costs while maximizing the output. As such the use of activity-based costing has gained popularity among many cost accountants. This paper discusses the...
Multinational enterprise development has become an important trend in the market today. Different companies dealing with electronics and automobiles opt to establish multinational enterprises in order to promote the performance of their businesses. They consider this as an appropriate approach other than establishing numerous business branches. This is done by...
General Overview The United States’ along with United Kingdom is ruling authorities had to formulate various regulations in order to bring the arising global financial crisis under control. The Federal Reserve of the United States just like the other central banks within the globe had to implement regulations aimed at...
Introduction Financial Intermediaries, also known as financial institutions, are institutions that facilitate flow of money from those who have excess (depositors) to those who have deficit (borrowers). In most cases, such institutions are banks. Banks are the backbone of any financial industry in any country. Financial intermediaries have a big...
Introduction Taxation is defined as the compulsory contribution by persons to the government depending on the income generated in the economy and the persons’ ability to pay. Taxation is the highest source of government revenue in virtually all countries of the world. As such it has become a very critical...
Income Tax and Corporation tax in the UK Income tax refers to the annual tax which levied on both earned income and unearned income. Earned income refers to things such as wages, salaries and commission while unearned income refers to dividends interests and rents (Slemrod 2007, P. 33). On the...
Introduction Financial institutions and real estate sector are usually interrelated, and the decisions made by one sector affect the other sector. Moreover, the two sectors are so critical in the world economy such that adoption of inappropriate policies can trigger a recession of the whole economy (Shiller 45). Below is...
Introduction Organizational Communications involves an in-depth look into how important communication is in organizations. The goals and objectives of an organization should be effectively communicated to all the members of an organization so that they can be aware of what is expected of them both in the short run and...
Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs founded Apple Inc in 1976, since then the company has become the world largest electronic company in sales and production. Currently Apple has its headquarters at Santa Clara Valley, California; it’s known for its innovation and invention (Apple Inc). From the humble begging, the company...
It has been known that high returns have high risks. Keown, Martin, Petty and Scott, (2005) explain that in business, projects that have a high risk have very high returns. Only courageous investors invest in the stock market as it is very risky. The stock prices may increase or decrease...
Isoquant An isoquant is a curve showing all combinations of inputs that a firm will use to produce the same output level factoring in technological efficiency (Lipsey & Harbury 2007, p.515). For instance getting the maximum output with the least combination of inputs namely capital and labour (L, K). The...
Introduction Governments across the continents are working on ways of ensuring that their people have jobs in order to be able to meet their daily needs. In the US, the issues are the same, thus, the government faces the same problems regardless the fact that the USA is the country...
Introduction Doing business in a foreign country offers its own unique set of challenges that a firm must overcome in order for its international venture to succeed. Differences in culture mean differences in etiquette and protocol. In the context of international markets and the global arena, international managers are increasingly...
Introduction This part of the essay discusses the various activities that take place in the foreign exchange market. Background information about the subject has also been highlighted. Foreign Exchange Market The trading of goods and services among different countries necessitates the need to buy, sell or borrow foreign currencies. For...
Introduction This essay discusses the role played by the bank in the financial system. The paper highlights how these roles help to achieve various objectives. Role of the Bank in the Financial System A bank is a financial institution that offers financial services to individuals, investors, organizations as well as...
This report provides an analysis and evaluation of current and prospective financial performance and position of Billabong International Limited. It shows the general direction of the company after critically examining various financial ratios. Key management decisions are also examined and their implications on the general performance of the company. The...
Introduction Small and developing countries have triggered a wide impact in financial markets. These countries are heavily indebted because they borrow many loans, both internally and externally to finance their development policies. This creates more liabilities to the small developing countries because they must repay the debts with additional interests....
The significance of the Derivatives Markets Derivatives refer to all instruments that draw their value from more than one financial asset. In this case, the financial asset may consist of securities, indexes, and other commodities (Sangha 2). It is worth noting that an instrument is any financial asset tradable on...
Introduction “The models within the traditional finance paradigm assume that investors act rationally and consider all available information in the decision-making process”. Different market characteristics determine how appropriately investors will act towards different investments. Many investment markets are too unpredictable to allow the development of a consistent pattern. As Schindler...
Introduction Investors are faced with two main options in their effort to maximize the value of their investment. Feibel (2003, p.184) asserts that investors can either invest in real assets or financial assets. There are a wide range of investment vehicles that investors can select from the financial market. Some...
A foreign exchange market is a platform in which different national currencies from different countries are traded or exchanged. The platform provides a means by which both individuals and firms can transfer the purchasing power from one country to another, gain or provide credit in order to facilitate international trade...
Abstract The submitted report is based on the Australian economy where it analyses the Australian financial system in regard to the Global Financial Crisis. The report gives the reasons why the GFC occurred in the first place, their effects and measures taken by the Australian government in managing the crisis....
Financial ratios constitute some of the key indicators of a firm or organization’s performance or rather financial situations. In some cases, financial ratios serve as indicators of the possibilities of a firm’s state of bankruptcy. Among the financial ratios, as used by wide spectra of firms, include liquidity ratios, dividend...
Abstract Banks experienced severe consequences of the global financial crisis that occurred during 2007 and 2008. Some banks became bankrupt while others were enshrined in the distresses that arose from sensitivities, which were stored in the form of balance sheets. Others encountered only minimal challenges. In the discussion of this...
Introduction In this review, the article which is being analyzed is entitled “the use of foreign currency and firm market value.” The authors of the article are George Allayannis and James P. Weston published in the journal called “The Review of Financial Studies” Volume 14, issue number 1, and from...
Introduction Apple is one of the most suitable companies to invest in. The company is recovering from the 2008-2009 financial crisis, thus the current share price of the company is slightly below its intrinsic value. This is an ideal opportunity for investment in the company. At the beginning of the...
Introduction According to the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), the purpose of general financial reporting is to provide vital monetary information concerning the reporting of business operations. The information is useful to lenders, potential and existing investors, and creditors in terms of enabling them to make wise decisions concerning resource...
The article “Do Stock Prices Fully Reflect Information in Accruals and Cash Flows About Future Earnings?” by Richard G. Sloan presents a study of the factors which affect the stock prices based on the financial statement of the company. The paper analyzes a considerable body of historical data to formulate...
Introduction The 2007-2009 global financial crisis and its consequences are a key reminder of the complex nature of the financial meltdown. The crisis ranks as one of the most severe economic downturns to have affected the world since 1929. Despite the view that the origin of the 2007-2009 financial meltdown...
Introduction Two of the most crucial factors that influence the economic growth of a country are the stock exchange and interest rates. Changes in the interest rates affect the stock prices besides influencing government policies, risk management practices, and the assessment of financial securities. The relationship between interest rates and...
Introduction In the rapidly growing world of communication, the interaction between people has taken a new trend. Social media has altered the way people shared ideas, interacted, and how conducted their businesses. Indeed, social media networks have changed the conduct of business in the world capital markets. Social media are...
The aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis featured an environment of uncertainty. The government and other financial regulatory organizations were working overtime to correct the effects of the financial crisis as they unfolded. The nature of the regulations that came about as a result of the 2008 financial crisis mostly...
Business strategy What is MSTR’s business strategy? Identify how the MSTR’s mission and objectives will be achieved to become a cost leader after acquiring Unisys. How the profitability will be achieved? How cost will be reduced and revenues increased? How synergy will be achieved? Microstrategy Inc. is a business intelligence...
Abstract The report covers liquidity ratios for Etihad Airways for the fiscal period 2014. Traditional ratios, such as current ratio and quick ratio, show that Etihad can meet its short-term financial commitments when they are due. Conversely, cash flow liquidity ratio shows that the company can only pay off about...
Introduction The U.S. home products industry has two major competitors including The Home Depot Inc. (Home Depot) and Lowe’s Companies Inc. (Lowe’s). The latest annual reports of both companies are consulted and reviewed for the current analysis report. The financial year-end of Lowe’s Companies Inc. was January 29, 2016 (“Lowe’s...
Financial Reporting and Management Accounting Information Financial reporting (FR) that is expressed with the help of financial statements provides crucial information on a company’s performance, and other data that is of consequence for a company’s performance and, therefore, stakeholders are expressed with the help of management accounting (MA) (Weißenberger &...
CIPD Professional Map is a well-known comprehensive tool the purpose of which is to create a view of how HR departments should identify their functions and values. Though its structure seems to be complicated for those, who look at it for the first time, actually, not many efforts are required...
Introduction The financial planning process enables an individual or a family to plan for earning with an aim of converting finances to wealth. The process follows six basic steps these are, establishing and identifying a relationship with the client, gathering client data including goals, analyzing and evaluating the financial status...
Introduction The review seeks to analyze the article by Carroll titled, “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders” in order to gain more insight on corporate social responsibility (CSR). The article details the various factors that a company should consider as its CSR. There...
The Limitations of Internal Control Systems Bojangles is mistaken since control risk can only be minimised in an entity but not entirely eliminated. Control risk is a component of the audit risk model. A misstatement may occur in the financial statements of an entity due to the inability of the...
Introduction It is necessary to mention that the importance of ethical decisions in organizations has been increasing over the years, and it is an aspect that is valued by many companies. This paper will include the analysis of decisions that may be made regarding a particular ethical dilemma that occurred...
Ways HR Activities Support the Organization and Enable It to Meet Its Goals and Business Objectives Human resource activities play a very critical role in supporting this organization to achieve its goals and objectives. The first area of support that this firm gets from the HR department is the implementation...
Abstract Chile is one of the most vibrant economies in the South American region that has managed to attract the highest number of direct foreign investments since the turn of the century. The country is famed for its strong economic policies and free trade policies that entice multinational corporations from...
Comparing and contrasting transaction exposure and economic exposure By definition, transaction exposure covers all the risks associated with changes in the exchange rates over the current investments. In essence, it measures the actual change in the future cash flows brought by uncertainty and changes in the market exchange rates under...
It is known that one of the most crucial components of economic activity flow and community spirit is the cost of stocks. Emerging stock markets contribute greatly to the development of the economy itself. It is stated that, on the global scale, it is the stock market that determinates the...
A major factor that causes the depreciation of currencies of some Latin American countries to depreciate against the U.S. dollar Depreciation of currency refers to the fall in the currency exchange rate between foreign and domestic currency. Such a decline in domestic currency causes significant changes in the balance of...
Transactional leadership Transactional leadership focuses on the interactions between the followers and leaders. The interactions enable leaders to complete their tasks, achieve their performance goals, incentivize their followers, maintain good organizational running, influence the behavior of their workers, and/or enhance organizational efficiency. It also enables followers to curtail workplace anxiety,...
Introduction Accounting managers and their juniors make resolutions, which influence the daily operations and long-term productivity of their firms (Kimmel & Weygandt, 2011). As such, accounting personnel ought to be vigilant, unbiased, and abide by the ethical procedures when appraising financial records. The profession depends on approximations and judgment calls....
Internal Users of HR Services There are several users of HR services within an organizational setting. The first users are the managers. They rely on HR services to ensure that they have a team of highly competent employees who can deliver quality work on their assignments. The needs of the...
Statement of Problem The psychological well-being of employees is in the workplace is crucial if stress is to be avoided and performance improved (Vainio, 2015). According to Hiriyappa (2013), stress is inevitable in the workplace, and the effects of stress are mostly negative. Mild stress can have a positive outcome...
Introduction The Home Depot is a home retailer, and changes in the economy influence its performance. Therefore, the most important external environmental factor is the economy, which presents a positive impact when it is growing. The value of the U.S. dollar against other currencies also affects the purchasing power of...
Introduction Ethics in business acts as a baseline through which enterprises operate, and they define the right course of action to take when dealing with a certain situation. One of the ethical issues that present in most businesses is false advertisements, which is meant to mislead customers (Donohue, Cevasco, &...
Introduction Corporate social responsibility has become an integral part of marketing for many corporate bodies around the world. Many firms currently have clearly defined corporate social responsibility programmes that they observe on an annual basis. Multinational corporations such as Coca Cola, General Motors, and Toyota have budgets in excess of...
Maintaining competitiveness in the world of business is very difficult. Organizations must be ready to ensure that they respond to changes in their respective sectors in a timely and effective manner through gradual and continuous changes. The concept of continuous improvement provides an important guideline through which organizations can implement...
Executive Summary The current procurement functions at KLM Construction Company are inefficient and costly. Identification of these weaknesses offers the management an opportunity to productivity levels of this department. It is proposed that the firm should technology-based system to help it monitor its transit goods more efficiently. The new system...
The Issue John and Mark had expressed their interests in Jane, who was an assistant supervisor at their company. Jane had however started to invite both Mark and John out separately on several occasions to talk about the company’s stores. During these periods, Mark claimed that Jane had made some...
Introduction The company chosen for this Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) report is Etisalat Group. According to the company, it is one of “the world’s leading telecom groups in emerging markets with a market cap of 87.7 billion AED (23.8 billion USD)” (Etisalat, 2015). Its net profits and revenues have exceeded...
Introduction Efficient market hypothesis The theory of efficient market hypothesis holds that all relevant information about the ‘true’ value of an asset that can be found in the market is reflected in its market price. This implies that there is no room for arbitrage in the market. Past research studies...